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1Z0-414 Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 Implementation Essentials
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1Z0-414 exam Dumps Source : Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 Implementation Essentials
Test Code : 1Z0-414
Test cognomen : Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 Implementation Essentials
Vendor cognomen : Oracle
: 75 real Questions
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Oracle Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3
Oracle Spotlights ZFS Storage appliance Adoption for Oracle Engineered programs Backup, Unveils ZS3 collection for Backup | killexams.com real Questions and Pass4sure dumps
REDWOOD SHORES, CA--(Marketwired - Apr 28, 2014) - Oracle ( NYSE : ORCL )
news
summary valued clientele throughout a vast orbit of geographies and
industries are adopting Oracle ZFS Storage home apparatus for Oracle
Engineered programs backup and recovery. With the brand unusual ZS3
train for backup, Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3-BA, consumers Have a
pre-configured, pre-racked solution co-engineered with Oracle Database
to give extravagant backup and repair performance with sophisticated
efficiency to advocate meet SLAs. in addition to extravagant
performance, ZS3-BA offers 5x lower three-year TCO over EMC facts domain
990(1) for Oracle Engineered systems facts insurance plan.
news facts
DB
Schenker Rail "as the leading rail freight company in Europe, DB
Schenker Rail requires quick and reputable entry to immense quantities
of statistics. Oracle Exadata Database machine and the Oracle ZFS
Storage apparatus has been the correct solution for us, enabling very
quick backup and fix times," said Dominic Marx, Head of company
Intelligence Competence center, DB Schenker Rail. "we Have been
impressed with extravagant compression prices bought the spend of
Hybrid Columnar Compression with the Oracle Exadata and Oracle ZFS
Storage appliance, and the proven fact that the compression degrees are
maintained by the ZFS Storage equipment, so they know pervade and
capability discount rates on excellent of lofty performance."
sanatorium
Alemão Oswaldo Cruz "Hospitals Have very selected company and IT
requirements such as availability 24 hours a day, seven days per
week. The Oracle ZFS Storage apparatus changed into a herbal
alternative for Oracle Exadata Database computing device backup as a
result of its efficient and massive means storage, and it is already
completely integrated with Oracle Exadata," referred to Denis da Costa
Rodrigues, supervisor of assistance technology, medical institution
Alemão Oswaldo Cruz. "As piece of the answer, they additionally
implemented Oracle vigorous data guard, which extra raises their
records insurance blueprint capabilities. The commonplace Oracle
Exadata - ZFS Storage solution has now not simplest enhanced their
potential to bring exceptional healthcare services, but additionally
gives the extravagant availability, agility and data coverage to
inspirit their operations."
SunGard
Availability features "Over the final 5 - 6 years, now they Have
considered their facts double then triple in dimension, putting real
stress on their infrastructure," stated Hal Moretto, Director,
enterprise Infrastructure, SunGard Availability capabilities. "the usage
of RMAN and Oracle's ZFS Storage appliance to backup the Oracle Exadata
Database computer, they Have now been in a position to create encrypted
backups and leverage the InfiniBand connectivity between ZFS and
Exadata to enhance throughput, as well as replicating the backup to
their offsite D/R location to a 2d ZFS storage appliance by artery of
storage replication, making that backup set purchasable for offsite
restoration if required."
Oracle's
unusual ZS3 train for Backup complements Engineered techniques
vehement performance, Helps reduce Backup and recovery possibility and
value Over EMC
helping Quote
supporting supplies
About
Oracle Oracle engineers hardware and utility to toil collectively
within the cloud and in your data center. For more guidance about Oracle
( NYSE : ORCL ), consult with www.oracle.com.
emblems
Oracle
and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
other names can live logos of their respective homeowners.
Footnotes
(1) Three-yr
TCO calculated the usage of non-discounted record expenditures from
publicly purchasable statistics. EMC records locality DD990, 12xES30 -
15x2TB SATA 7.2K RPM (supply:
http://www.ironbow.com/Contracts/ContractVechicles/~/media/information/PDFs/Contracts/IronBow_CATALOG_IV.pdf)
with EMC DD990 Replicator (supply:
http://www.pcsuperstore.com/items/11937588-EMC-LREP990.html) and EMC
DD990 VTL contains 2 x PCiE cards, DP, DG (source:
http://www.emc.com/microsites/stateofmsepl3658/pdf/EPL_Price_List_-_2013-09.pdf)
Oracle ZFS Storage appliance system overview | killexams.com real Questions and Pass4sure dumps
The Oracle ZFS Storage appliance is designed for mid-tier NAS environments. the line has two products, the ZS3-2...and ZS4-4, that Have variable setup alternate options and a wide orbit of configurations. Oracle ZFS products aid mechanical challenging disk drives (HDDs) for information, and flash-based mostly strong-state drives (SSDs) for metadata and write acceleration.
The Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3-2 matches up to 184 serial-connected SCSI (SAS) HDDs in capacities of 300 GB, 900 GB and four TB, for a optimum 736 TB of storage per unique node. Drives are arranged in 24-slot disk cabinets. in contrast to many NAS arrays, the Oracle ZFS Storage appliance doesn't inspirit statistics SSDs. in its place, Oracle carried out a reminiscence means of 1 TB per node, a read twinkle cache capacity of 12.eight TB and 28 TB of write twinkle the spend of write accelerators. Write accelerators are drives that preserve the contents of the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL). products advocate 1.6 TB SSDs for the read cache and 300 GB SSDs for the write accelerators.
The ZS3-2 helps up to four write twinkle accelerators per disk shelf. it can Have 4 or eight 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) Base-T ports depending on configuration. It runs on up to 4 eight-core Intel Xeon processors, and nodes may likewise live clustered as extravagant as three.1 PB.
Write operations to ZFS Storage drives are atomic, which means they are either carried out completely or now not at all.
The Oracle ZFS Storage ZS4-4 suits as much as 544 SAS HDDs in capacities of 900 GB and 4 TB, for a optimum 2.1 PB of storage per unique node. Drives are organized in 24-slot disk enclosures, with aid for as much as 4 write accelerators per enclosure. The array can Have as much as eight 10 GbE Base-T ports, and runs on eight 15-core Intel Xeon processors and as much as three TB of memory. ZS4-4 nodes will likewise live clustered as extravagant as 6.9 PB.
ZIL is an intent logging characteristic designed to raise statistics availability on ZFS systems. Write operations to ZFS Storage drives are atomic, that means they are either performed absolutely or now not in any respect. A list of each operation -- accepted because the "intent to operate" -- is logged to the ZIL earlier than it occurs. in the adventure of a power failure, the gadget will study the intent log to become aware of which operations had been in manner when the failure took locality and either revert or redo them. The ZIL is saved on flash-based mostly SSDs, presenting sooner write efficiency than if it changed into written to mechanical HDDs.
in addition to ZIL, the Oracle ZFS Storage apparatus includes software for storage administration, monitoring and encryption. The ZFS Storage utility has elements akin to thin provisioning, monitoring and analytics, aid for iSCSI and Fibre Channel interconnects, and replication within local ZFS Storage clusters. additional application will likewise live licensed one by one for far off replication, AES 256-/192-/128-bit encryption and database backup. The ZFS Storage apparatus is tuned to toil with Oracle databases, and its software comprises the Snap management Utility for Oracle Database and the Oracle commercial enterprise manager Plug-in for Oracle ZFS Storage appliance.
Pricing for the Oracle ZFS Storage apparatus depends upon configuration. Pricing for the ZS3-2 model degrees from $35,600 to $314,600, while the pervade of the ZS4-4 is between $one hundred thirty five,600 and $988,900. total ZFS Storage items involve a one-yr restrained hardware warranty with cell aid total through native enterprise hours. Response instances are tiered by severity: Severity 1 has a 4-hour response time, Severity 2 has an eight-hour response time and Severity three has a subsequent-enterprise-day response. An optional premier assurance gives 24/7 technical aid and two-hour on-site support. Oracle's advanced assist kit gives extra points comparable to 24/7 monitoring, device installation and support.
New Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3-BA Proves top of the line for Backing Up and Restoring Oracle’s Engineered methods | killexams.com real Questions and Pass4sure dumps
Mar 3, 2014conserving helpful enterprise tips has become extra faultfinding than ever as information continues to grow through 40 to 50 % per year, by means of some estimates. IT managers physiognomy a predicament: a artery to comprehensive backup and restoration operations within shrinking windows of time while likewise cutting back complexity, possibility, and price.
When it comes to preserving statistics stored in Oracle’s engineered methods, the lately introduced Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 addresses these challenges with excessive-performance streaming throughput and tight integration with Oracle Database it really is unavailable to competitors. Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3-BA enhances the severe performance of Oracle’s engineered programs, including Oracle Exadata Database computing device and Oracle SuperCluster, and gives pleasing functionality via
furthermore, Oracle ZFS Storage home apparatus aid reduce back the possibility of failed restores by artery of enhancing availability with dual controllers, predictive self-healing aspects, and a fault-administration architecture that immediately detects and diagnoses underlying issues. To ease management complexity, Oracle ZFS Storage appliance’s DTrace Analytics function provides an intuitive graphical consumer interface with which to monitor and perquisite away unravel performance bottlenecks total the artery through backup and fix operations.
Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 is equally effective for Oracle Database installations operating on Oracle SPARC T5, M5, and M6 systems, as well as non-Oracle servers.
Get greater details about Oracle ZFS Storage appliances and register for an Oracle webcast that discusses backup and restoration for Oracle’s engineered systems
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Protecting valuable trade information has become more well-known than ever as data continues to grow by 40 to 50 percent per year, by some estimates. IT managers physiognomy a dilemma: how to complete backup and restore operations within shrinking windows of time while likewise reducing complexity, risk, and cost.
When it comes to protecting data stored in Oracle’s engineered systems, the recently announced Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 addresses these challenges with high-performance streaming throughput and tight integration with Oracle Database that is unavailable to competitors. Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3-BA complements the extreme performance of Oracle’s engineered systems, including Oracle Exadata Database Machine and Oracle SuperCluster, and provides unique functionality by
Delivering direct high-speed InfiniBand connectivity
Maintaining Oracle Recovery Manager best practices without the need
for risky and costly third-party backup software agents, servers, and
skill-sets
Providing co-engineered solutions such as Oracle Hybrid Columnar
Compression that reduce data and enlarge performance throughput
Pre-racked, pre-configured and leverages Oracle’s exclusive Engineered Systems Backup Utility to speed implementation
“Enterprises Have shorter windows of time in which to complete backup
and restore operations, which makes lofty performance essential,” says
Kerstin Woods, Oracle Senior Principal Product Marketing Director. “At
the selfsame time, these operations must live effortless to implement
and reliable, to assure that essential data is readily available if a
failure occurs. Oracle’s ZFS Storage ZS3 ensures that faultfinding
service-level agreements are met and streamlines operations for greater
IT productivity.”
In addition, Oracle ZFS Storage Appliances inspirit reduce the risk of failed restores by enhancing availability with dual controllers, predictive self-healing features, and a fault-management architecture that automatically detects and diagnoses underlying problems. To ease management complexity, Oracle ZFS Storage Appliance’s DTrace Analytics feature provides an intuitive graphical user interface with which to monitor and quickly resolve performance bottlenecks during backup and restore operations.
Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 is equally effective for Oracle Database installations running on Oracle SPARC T5, M5, and M6 systems, as well as non-Oracle servers.
Get more details about Oracle ZFS Storage Appliances and register for an Oracle webcast that discusses backup and restore for Oracle’s engineered systems
better than hybrid storage arrays that amalgamate twinkle with spinning disk?
Comparing technology systems has traditionally relied on a "price-to-performance" analysis that tries to normalize system differences into an apples-to-apples comparison. With respect to storage, the advent of twinkle (solid-state) drives created a situation where IT buyers had to determine between expense and performance. twinkle storage offered blazing speeds, but at a very lofty cost per gigabyte ($/GB). At the other discontinue of the spectrum, multi-terabyte hard disk drives (HDDs) are very economical, but with just around 75 raw IOPS per drive there better not live much toil in the workload if that's where your data is located.
HDDs Have an odds in $/GB, while twinkle has an odds in $/IOPS.
Hybrid arrays are intended to equipoise that equation. By adding a thin slice of twinkle storage to an array (i.e., 2% to 5% of total capacity), available IOPS may double and reduce read latency from 10+ milliseconds (ms) down to 3 ms to 5 ms. Even though the twinkle is expensive by itself, an overall 10% to 20% enlarge in array expense to relent a 2X performance gain adds a lot of bang to the buck.
As safe as 3 ms to 5 ms latency sounds, for an increasing number of applications this variability is unacceptable. All-flash arrays can deliver sub-millisecond read latency with a guaranteed attribute of service (QoS). There are no pre-fetch issues with twinkle and no variability between a cached read and a search because on twinkle total I/Os are effectively cache reads. To attach it in perspective, improving from 10 ms to 5 ms and then down to 0.5 ms is a 20X performance gain from HDD to all-flash on a latency basis. Although the contrast between HDD prices and twinkle has narrowed considerably, most organizations still don't Have the budget to deploy hundreds of terabytes of it. So, if deploying twinkle technology judiciously is well-known to an organization, knowing where the breakpoints between hybrid and all-flash are will inspirit managers to obtain the best decision.
![Selecting hybrid and all-flash arrays]()
Price/performance of hybrid storage arrays vs. all-flash arrays
With price-to-performance being the major consideration in storage
purchases, let's examine those two areas first. When it comes to cost,
it's an industry truism that the purchase expense is approximately 20%
of the three-year cost of ownership for conventional HDD arrays.
All-flash storage arrays fracture this model, however, partly because
the purchase expense goes up but operating costs vanish down. For
example, Nimbus Data, a maker of all-flash arrays, estimates that its
arrays spend just 8 watts per TB, whereas HDD arrays may spend 80
watts per TB. Moreover, Nimbus advises that users can fully populate a
rack with usable space and rate up to 90% utilization without
performance degradation. This offers the potential for less floor space,
cooling and power per TB of storage. High-capacity SATA drives present
gigabyte density, but won't meet even moderate IOPS or latency
requirements. Given that twinkle is following the downward curve of
cache memory, it's well worth the time to compare the total cost of
ownership (TCO) of all-flash and hybrid storage systems.
Hewlett-Packard (HP) Co. offers a different perspective on cost metrics: $/transaction. This metric is reflective of the upright trade cost, whereas $/GB and $/IOPS reflect purchase cost only. The $/transaction metric can live applied irrespective of media type, making a "non-denominational" comparison between techs. High-transaction workloads may actually contemplate a lower $/transaction on all-flash arrays, whereas lower transaction environments may Have a lower $/transaction on hybrid storage arrays. Either way, the result is calculable and definitive.
Although it may live considered a "soft" cost, IT managers should factor in the value of the user's experience. Justifiably or not, if users perceive an application to live slow, they're more likely to Have a negative perception of the IT organization or provider. It's a bit dote the adage that when airline passengers find coffee stains on their tray tables, they question the attribute of engine maintenance. It may therefore obtain sense to spend a few extra dollars to better the user's perception of quality, especially in this era of IT outsourcing.
Deduplication and compression are staples of nearly total storage systems and are frequently used to generate a $/GB design that's much more propitious than those based on raw capacity. However, a cautionary note is in order. Increasingly, deduplication and single-instance storage (SIS) are taking locality at the OS and application layers (i.e., VMware and SIS products for Exchange). Deduplication and compression can't occur twice on the selfsame data, so storage managers may contemplate less reduction than they anticipate as dedupe moves up the stack.
For the purposes of commercial computing applications, storage performance has been total about IOPS until very recently. Perhaps this was because storage arrays inherently couldn't guarantee a specific QoS. All-flash arrays change that game, and SolidFire promotes its twinkle arrays squarely as storage QoS delivery vehicles. SolidFire allows IOPS to live provisioned on a per-volume basis with minimum, maximum and burst parameters. This throttling, along with dynamic adjustment, gives storage managers an additional mechanism for precisely delivering performance where it's needed. SolidFire likewise suggests that guaranteed QoS solves the "noisy neighbor" problem. For example, in a typical hybrid array, applications may compete for the twinkle tier of storage based on data access, resulting in oversubscribed twinkle and sub-optimal performance for total applications. Allocating IOPS to each application specifically solves this problem.
Either or both? Established vendors Have extended their traditional HDD products to embrace twinkle technology, often with hybrid devices and all-flash units. IBM, EMC Corp., NetApp Inc. and HP each present an "all of the above" portfolio, though the specific implementations disagree in well-known ways.
IBM has extended its SAN Volume Controller (SVC) virtualization capability to manage "fit for purpose" all-flash devices such as the FlashSystem family or hybrid arrays in its XIV Storage System, Storwize and DS product lines. Because total devices can live managed through SVC, IBM extends the concept of hybrid to not only arrays, but the enterprise storage ecosystem. The intent is to allow ultimate flexibility in deploying both combinations of media, as well as combinations of arrays for scale and performance where needed.
EMC's VMAX can virtualize hybrid and all-flash systems into a unique ecosystem. Its VMAX, VNX, VNXe and Isilon products can likewise live configured as either hybrid or all-flash. Thus, users can enter at any point and evolve the solution as requirements change over time. In addition, the company's XtremIO arrays present an all-flash solution from the ground up. Because it doesn't necessarily Have to sever its hybrid and all-flash offerings, EMC views the market more horizontally. That is, it can present traditional HDD arrays to the more budget-conscious buyer, hybrid configurations to those needing more performance and all-flash for situations that exact guaranteed QoS. Which product line will live recommended is determined by Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) requirements, with customers needing up to "six nines" of availability choosing VMAX, regardless of hybrid or all-flash provisioning.
HP's 3PAR similarly offers everything from all-HDD to hybrid to twinkle configurations, but with some racy wrinkles. HP offers both single-level cell and multi-level cell twinkle in the selfsame arrays. The company recommends using the caching layer for writes and the twinkle tier for reads. This builds upon its Adaptive Optimization software that enables sub-LUN tiering. 3PAR's OS has a built-in clustered volume manager and virtual reminiscence implementation that seamlessly virtualizes total media types, including unusual media.
NetApp offers twinkle across its entire portfolio of FAS, V-series and E-series arrays; the EF540 is an all-flash system. NetApp usually recommends twinkle Pools in its arrays with 1% to 2% of total capacity in flash. The company suggests that typical workloads, such as email, Web serving, app dev and collaboration are best served with hybrid configurations. In these spend cases, workloads require less than 150,000 IOPS and can tolerate 3 ms to 5 ms of latency. For higher IOPS workloads or where QoS demands sub-ms latency, all-flash is prescribed.
Oracle's ZFS Storage ZS3 are hybrid arrays, but the company says users may rate up to a 90% data hit rate using its flash/DRAM architecture and sub-ms latency on those reads. Moreover, the company touts a significant cost odds over competitive all-flash systems. Thus, users may rate near all-flash performance at a hybrid price. Oracle's Hybrid Storage Pool dynamically and automatically moves data across DRAM, read-flash and write-flash to optimize array performance.
RAID considerations Flash devices need to live protected by RAID just dote any other storage media. Although most vendors advocate conventional RAID techniques for flash, RAID spend can extract a expense in capacity terms as well as processing overhead just as it does for HDDs. IBM addresses this issue with "variable stripe RAID" in its FlashSystem technology where RAID 5 is built into the twinkle controller. The result is parity-based RAID at line speed with the workload distributed across controllers. NetApp deploys Dynamic Disk Pools in its SANtricity (E-series) software that distributes data, parity and spare capacity across drives. NetApp claims this speeds recovery of failed drives while maintaining greater performance. Nimbus uses a RAID 5 algorithm designed to avoid the wear penalty associated with writing to flash.
Some agreement on guidelines Despite differences in architectures, the vendors generally accord on some hybrid vs. all-flash guidelines. First, if sub-ms or guaranteed QoS is required, then all-flash arrays are the artery to go. Or, in the case of Oracle, a hybrid that can deliver near all-flash performance. QoS application candidates involve e-commerce where user suffer is paramount and determination advocate analysis where time is of the essence. Second, if variable and unpredictable workloads are to live serviced, hybrid devices can often serve the need at a lower $/GB. Nimbus, SolidFire and other all-flash vendors may Have different answers to this rule of thumb that execute indeed Have racy price/performance characteristics and may Have a $/IOPS advantage. Application candidates in this locality involve collaboration, email and anything where data lifecycle issues involve that not total data requires immediate access.
7.2.1 What Is OpenStack? OpenStack is a community-based open-source project to contour a comprehensive management layer to create and manage private clouds. This project was first undertaken as a joint pains of Rackspace and NASA in 2010, but is now driven by the OpenStack Foundation. Since 2010, OpenStack has been the fastest-growing open-source project on a worldwide basis, with thousands of commercial and individual contributors spread across the globe. The community launches two OpenStack releases per year.
OpenStack can live considered an operating system for cloud environments. It provides the foundation for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds. Some unusual modules add features required in Platform as a Service (PaaS) clouds. OpenStack should not live viewed as layered software, however, but rather as an integrated infrastructure component. Thus, although the OpenStack community launches OpenStack releases, infrastructure vendors must integrate the open-source components into their own platforms to deliver the OpenStack functionality. Several operating system, network, and storage vendors present OpenStack-enabled products.
OpenStack abstracts compute, network, and storage resources for the user, with those resources being exposed through a web portal with a unique management pane. This integrated approach enables administrators to easily manage a variety of storage devices and hypervisors. The cloud services are based on a train of OpenStack modules, which communicate through a defined RESTful API between the various modules.
If a vendor plans to present advocate for sure OpenStack services in its products, it must implement the functionality of those services and provide access to the functionality through the relaxation APIs. This can live done by delivering a service plugin, specialized for the product, that fills the gap between the relaxation API definition and the existing product feature.
7.2.2 The OpenStack common Architecture Figure 7.3 depicts the common architecture of an OpenStack deployment. It consists of services provided by the OpenStack framework, and compute nodes that consume those services. This section describes those services.
Several OpenStack services are used to contour an OpenStack-based private cloud. The services are interconnected via the relaxation APIs and depend on each other. But not total services are always needed to contour a cloud, however, and not every vendor delivers total services. Some services Have a special purpose and are configured only when appropriate; others are always needed when setting up a private cloud.
Because of the clearly defined relaxation APIs, services are extensible. The following list summarizes the core service modules.
Cinder (block storage): Provides obscure storage for OpenStack
compute instances and manages the creation, attaching, and detaching of
obscure devices to OpenStack instances.
Glance (images): Provides discovery, registration, and delivery
services for disk and server images. The stored images can live used as
templates for the deployment of VEs.
Heat (orchestration): Enables the orchestration of complete application stacks, based on heat templates.
Horizon (dashboard): Provides the dashboard management instrument to
access and provision cloud-based resources from a browser-based
interface.
Ironic (bare-metal provisioning): Used to provision bare-metal OpenStack guests, such as physical nodes.
Keystone (authentication and authorization): Provides authentication
and high-level authorization for the cloud and between cloud services.
It consists of a central directory of users mapped to those cloud
services they can access.
Manila (shared file system): Allows the OpenStack instances to access shared file systems in the cloud.
Neutron (network): Manages software-defined network services such as
networks, routers, switches, and IP addresses to advocate multitenancy.
Nova (compute): The primary service that provides the provisioning of
virtual compute environments based on user requirement and available
resources.
Swift (object storage): A redundant and scalable storage system, with
objects and files stored and managed on disk drives across multiple
servers.
Trove (database as a service): Allows users to quickly provision and
manage multiple database instances without the affliction of handling
intricate administrative tasks.
7.2.3 Oracle Solaris and OpenStack
Oracle Solaris 11 includes a plenary distribution of OpenStack as a
standard, supported piece of the platform. The first such release was
Oracle Solaris 11.2, which integrated the Havana OpenStack release. The
Juno release was integrated into Oracle Solaris 11.2 advocate
Repository Update (SRU) 6. In Solaris 11.3 SRU 9, the integrated
OpenStack software was updated to the Kilo release.
OpenStack services Have been tightly integrated into the technology foundations of Oracle Solaris. The integration of OpenStack and Solaris leveraged many unusual Solaris features that had been designed specifically for cloud environments. Some of the Solaris features integrated into OpenStack include:
Solaris Zones driver integration with Nova to deploy Oracle Solaris Zones and Solaris Kernel Zones
Neutron driver integration with Oracle Solaris network virtualization, including Elastic Virtual Switch
Cinder driver integration with the ZFS file system
Unified Archives integration with Glance image management and Heat orchestration
Bare-metal provisioning implementation using the Oracle Solaris Automated Installer (AI)
Figure 7.4 shows the OpenStack services implemented in Oracle Solaris and the related supporting Oracle Solaris features.
All services Have been integrated into the Solaris Service Management Framework (SMF) to ensure service reliability, automatic service restart, and node dependency management. SMF properties enable additional configuration options. Oracle Solaris Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) ensures that the OpenStack services, represented by their corresponding SMF services, elope with minimal privileges.
The OpenStack modules are delivered in sever Oracle Solaris packages, as shown in this instance generated in Solaris 11.3:
# pkg list -af | grep openstack cloud/openstack 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/cinder 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/glance 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/heat 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/horizon 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/ironic 0.2015.2.1-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/keystone 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/neutron 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/nova 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/openstack-common 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/swift 2.3.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- To easily install the total OpenStack distribution on a system, the cloud/openstack group package may live installed. It automatically installs total of the conditional OpenStack modules and libraries, plus additional packages such as rad, rabbitmq, and mysql.
The integration of OpenStack with the Solaris Image Packaging System (IPS) greatly simplifies updates of OpenStack on a cloud node, through the spend of plenary package dependency checking and rollback. This was accomplished through integration with ZFS boot environments. Through a unique update mechanism, an administrator can easily apply the latest software fixes to a system, including the virtual environments.
7.2.4 Compute Virtualization with Solaris Zones and Solaris Kernel Zones Oracle Solaris Zones and Oracle Solaris Kernel Zones are used for OpenStack compute functionality. They provide excellent environments for application workloads and are swiftly and effortless to provision in a cloud environment.
The life cycle of Solaris Zones as compute instances in an OpenStack cloud is controlled by the Solaris Nova driver for Solaris Zones. The instances are deployed by using the Nova command-line interface or by using the Horizon dashboard. To launch an instance, the cloud user selects a flavor, a Glance image, and a Neutron network. Figures 7.5 and 7.6 array the flavors available with Oracle Solaris OpenStack and the launch screen for an OpenStack instance.
Figure 7.6 OpenStack Instance Launch Screen
Oracle Solaris options specify the creation of a Solaris native zone or a Solaris kernel zone. Those special properties are assigned as extra_specs, which are typically set through the command line. The property’s keys comprise a set of zone properties that are typically configured with the zonecfg command and that are supported in OpenStack.
The following keys are supported in both kernel zones and non-global zone flavors:
zonecfg:bootargs
zonecfg:brand
zonecfg:hostid
zonecfg:cpu-arch
The following keys are supported only in non-global zone flavors:
zonecfg:file-mac-profile
zonecfg:fs-allowed
zonecfg:limitpriv
The list of current flavors can live displayed on the command line:
+----+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ID | cognomen | extra_specs | +----+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - tiny | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 10 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - xlarge | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 2 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - diminutive | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 3 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - medium | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 4 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - big | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 5 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - xlarge | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 6 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - tiny | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 7 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - diminutive | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 8 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - medium | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 9 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - big | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | The sc_profile key can live modified only from the command line. This key is used to specify a system configuration profile for the flavor—for example, to preassign DNS or other system configurations to each flavor. For example, the following command will set a specific system configuration file for a flavor in the previously given list (i.e., “Oracle Solaris kernel zone – large”):
$ nova flavor-key 4 set sc_profile=/system/volatile/profile/sc_profile.xml Launching an instance initiates the following actions in an OpenStack environment:
The Nova scheduler selects a compute node in the cloud, based on the
selected flavor, that meets the hypervisor type, architecture, number of
VCPUs, and RAM requirements.
On the chosen compute node, the Solaris Nova implementation will send
a request to Cinder to find suitable storage in the cloud that can
live used for the unusual instance’s root file system. It then triggers
the creation of a volume in that storage. Additionally, Nova obtains
networking information and a network port in the selected network for an
instance, by communicating with the Neutron service.
The Cinder volume service delegates the volume creation to the
storage device, receives the related Storage Unified Resource Identifier
(SURI), and communicates that SURI back to the selected compute node.
Typically this volume will reside on a different system from the compute
node and will live accessed by the instance using shared storage such
as FibreChannel, iSCSI, or NFS.
The Neutron service assigns a Neutron network port to the instance,
based on the cloud networking configuration. total instances
instantiated by the compute service spend an exclusive IP stack
instance. Each instance includes an anet resource with its
configure-allowed-address property set to false, and its evs and vport
properties set to UUIDs supplied by Neutron that depict a particular
virtualized switch segment and port.
After the Solaris Zone and OpenStack resources Have been configured,
the zone is installed and booted, based on the assigned Glance image.
This uses Solaris Unified Archives.
The following instance shows a Solaris Zones configuration file,
created by OpenStack for an iSCSI Cinder volume as boot volume:
compute-node # zonecfg -z instance-00000008 info zonename: instance-00000008 brand: solaris tenant: 740885068ed745c492e55c9e1c688472 anet: linkname: net0 configure-allowed-address: false evs: a6365a98-7be1-42ec-88af-b84fa151b5a0 vport: 8292e26a-5063-4bbb-87aa-7f3d51ff75c0 rootzpool: storage: iscsi://st01-sn:3260/target.iqn.1986-03.com.sun:02:... capped-cpu: [ncpus: 1.00] capped-memory: [swap: 1G] rctl: name: zone.cpu-cap value: (priv=privileged,limit=100,action=deny) rctl: name: zone.max-swap value: (priv=privileged,limit=1073741824,action=deny) 7.2.5 Cloud Networking with Elastic Virtual Switch OpenStack networking creates virtual networks that interconnect VEs instantiated by the OpenStack compute node (Nova). It likewise connects these VEs to network services in the cloud, such as DHCP and routing. Neutron provides APIs to create and spend multiple networks and to apportion multiple VEs to networks, which are themselves assigned to different tenants. Each network tenant is represented in the network layer via an isolated Layer 2 network segment—comparable to VLANs in physical networks. design 7.7 shows the relationships among these components.
Subnets are properties that are assigned much dote blocks of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses—that is, default-router or nameserver. Neutron creates ports in these subnets and assigns them together with several properties to virtual machines. The L3-router functionality of Neutron interconnects tenant networks to external networks and enables VEs to access the Internet through source NAT. Floating IP addresses create a static one-to-one mapping from a public IP address on the external network to a private IP address in the cloud, assigned to one VE.
Oracle Solaris Zones and Oracle Solaris Kernel Zones, as OpenStack instances, spend the Solaris VNIC technology to connect to the tenant networks. total VNICs are bound with virtual network switches to physical network interfaces. If multiple tenants spend one physical interface, then multiple virtual switches are created above that physical interface.
If multiple compute nodes Have been deployed in one cloud and multiple tenants are used, virtual switches from the selfsame tenant are spread over multiple compute nodes, as shown in design 7.8.
A technology is needed to control these distributed switches as one switch. The virtual networks can live created by, for example, VXLAN or VLAN. In the case of Oracle Solaris, the Solaris Elastic Virtual Switch (EVS) feature is used to control the distributed virtual switches. The back-end to OpenStack uses a Neutron plugin.
Finally, EVS is controlled by a Neutron plugin so that it offers an API to the cloud. In each compute node, the virtual switches are controlled by an EVS plugin to contour a distributed switch for multiple tenants.
7.2.6 Cloud Storage with ZFS and COMSTAR The OpenStack Cinder service provides central management for obscure storage volumes as boot storage and for application data. To create a volume, the Cinder scheduler selects a storage back-end, based on storage size and storage kind requirements, and the Cinder volume service controls the volume creation. The Cinder API then sends the necessary access information back to the cloud.
Different types of storage can live used to provide storage to the cloud, such as FibreChannel, iSCSI, NFS, or the local disks of the compute nodes. The kind used depends on the storage requirements. These requirements involve characteristics such as capacity, throughput, latency and availability, and requirements for local storage or shared storage. Shared storage is required if migration of OpenStack instances between compute nodes is needed. Local storage may often live enough for short-term, ephemeral data. The cloud user is not aware of the storage technology that has been chosen, because the Cinder volume service represents the storage simply as a kind of storage, not as a specific storage product model.
The Cinder volume service is configured to spend an OpenStack storage plugin, which knows the specifics of a storage device. instance characteristics involve the manner to create a Cinder volume, and a manner to access the data.
Multiple Cinder storage plugins are available for Oracle Solaris, which are based on ZFS to provide volumes to the OpenStack instances:
The ZFSVolumeDriver supports the creation of local volumes for spend
by Nova on the selfsame node as the Cinder volume service. This
manner is typically applied when using the local disks in compute nodes.
The ZFSISCSIDriver and the ZFSFCDriver advocate the creation and
export of iSCSI and FC targets, respectively, for spend by remote Nova
compute nodes. COMSTAR allows any Oracle Solaris host to become a
storage server, serving obscure storage via iSCSI or FC.
The ZFSSAISCSIDriver supports the creation and export of iSCSI
targets from a remote Oracle ZFS Storage Appliance for spend by remote
Nova compute nodes.
In addition, other storage plugins can live configured in the Cinder
volume service, if the storage vendor has provided the usurp Cinder
storage plugin. For example, the OracleFSFibreChannelDriver enables
Oracle FS1 storage to live used in OpenStack clouds to provide
FibreChannel volumes.
7.2.7 Sample Deployment Options The functional enablement of Oracle Solaris for OpenStack is based on two main precepts. The first aspect is the availability and advocate of the OpenStack API with various software libraries and plugins in Oracle Solaris. The second aspect is the creation and integration of OpenStack plugins to enable specific Oracle Solaris functions in OpenStack. As discussed earlier, those plugins Have been developed and provided for Cinder, Neutron, and Nova, as well as for Ironic.
Deploying an OpenStack-based private cloud with OpenStack for Oracle Solaris is similar to the setup of other OpenStack-based platforms.
The design and setup of the hardware platform (server systems,
network and storage) for the cloud are very important. heedful design
pays off during the configuration and production phases for the cloud.
Oracle Solaris must live installed on the server systems. The
installation of Oracle Solaris OpenStack packages can occur with
installation of Solaris—a process that can live automated with the
Solaris Automated Installer.
After choosing between the storage options, the storage node is installed and integrated into the cloud.
The various OpenStack modules must live configured with their
configuration files, yielding a plenary functional IaaS private cloud
with OpenStack. The OpenStack configuration files are located in the
/etc/[cinder, neutron, nova, ..] directories. The final step is the
activation of the related SMF services with their dependencies.
The design of the hardware platform is likewise very important.
Besides OpenStack, a common cloud architecture to live managed by
OpenStack includes these required parts:
One or multiple compute nodes for the workload.
A cloud network to host the logical network internal to the cloud.
Those networks link together network ports of the instances, which
together contour one network broadcast domain. This internal logical
network is typically composed with VxLAN or tagged VLAN technology.
Storage resources to boot the OpenStack instances and preserve application data persistent.
A storage network, if shared storage is used, to connect the shared storage with the compute nodes.
An internal control network, used by the OpenStack API’s internal
messages and to drive the compute, network, and storage parts of the
cloud; this network can likewise live used to manage, install, and
monitor total cloud nodes.
A cloud control part, which runs the various OpenStack control
services for the OpenStack cloud dote the Cinder and Nova scheduler,
the Cinder volume service, the MySQL management database, or the
RabbitMQ messaging service.
Figure 7.9 shows a common OpenStack cloud, based on a multinode
architecture with multiple compute nodes, shared storage, isolated
networks and controlled cloud access through a centralized network node.
7.2.8 Single-System Prototype Environment You can demonstrate an OpenStack environment in a unique system. In this case, a unique network is used, or multiple networks are created using etherstubs, to contour the internal network of the cloud. “Compute nodes” can then live instantiated as kernel zones. However, if you spend kernel zones as compute nodes, then OpenStack instances can live only non-global zones. This choice does not permit application of several features, including Nova migration. This single-node setup can live implemented very easily with Oracle Solaris, using a Unified Archive of a comprehensive OpenStack installation.
Such single-system setups are typically implemented so that users can become chummy with OpenStack or to create very diminutive prototypes. Almost total production deployments will spend multiple computers to achieve the availability goals of a cloud.
There is one exception to this guideline: A SPARC system running Oracle Solaris (e.g., SPARC T7-4) can live configured as a multinode environment, using multiple logical domains, connected with internal virtual networks. The result is still a unique physical system, which includes multiple isolated Solaris instances, but is represented dote a multinode cloud.
7.2.9 Simple Multinode Environment Creating a multinode OpenStack cloud increases the choices available in total parts of the common cloud architecture. The architect makes the determination between one unified network or sever networks when choosing the design for the cloud network, the internal network, and the storage network. Alternatively, those networks might not live unique networks, but rather networks with redundancy features such as IPMP, DLMP, LACP, or MPXIO. total of these technologies are piece of Oracle Solaris and can live selected to create the network architecture of the cloud.
Another well-known determination to live made is how to connect the cloud to the public or corporate network. The common architecture described earlier shows a controlled cloud access through a centralized network node. While this setup enforces centralized access to the cloud via a network node, it can likewise lead to complicated availability or throughput limitations. An alternative setup is a flat cloud, shown in design 7.10, in which the compute nodes are directly connected to the public network, so that no unique access point limits throughput or availability. It is the responsibility of the cloud architect to determine which option is the most usurp choice.
For the compute nodes, the determination can live made between SPARC nodes (SPARC T5, T7, S7, M7, or M10 servers), x86_64 nodes, or a mixed-node cloud that combines both architectures. Oracle Solaris OpenStack will wield both processor architectures in one cloud. Typically, compute nodes with 1 or 2 sockets with medium reminiscence capacity (512 GB) are chosen. More generally, by using SPARC systems, compute nodes ranging from very diminutive to very big in size can live combined in one cloud without any special configuration efforts.
The cloud storage is typically shared storage. In a shared storage architecture, disks storing the running instances are located outside the compute nodes. Cloud instances can then live easily recovered with migration or evacuation, in case of compute node downtime. Using shared storage is operationally simple because having sever compute hosts and storage makes the compute nodes “stateless.” Thus, if there are no instances running on a compute node, that node can live taken offline and its contents erased completely without affecting the remaining parts of the cloud. This kind of storage can live scaled to any amount of storage. Storage decisions can live made based on performance, cost, and availability. Among the choices are an Oracle ZFS storage appliance, shared storage through a Solaris node as iSCSI or FC target server, or shared storage through a FibreChannel SAN storage system.
To spend local storage, each compute node’s internal disks store total data of the instances that the node hosts. Direct access to disks is very cost-effective, because there is no need to maintain a sever storage network. The disk performance on each compute node is directly related to the number and performance of existing local disks. The chassis size of the compute node will confine the number of spindles able to live used in a compute node. However, if a compute node fails, the instances on it cannot live recovered. Also, there is no manner to migrate instances. This omission can live a major issue for cloud services that create persistent data. Other cloud services, however, effect processing services without storing any local data, in which case no local persistent data is created.
The cloud control plane, implemented as an OpenStack controller, can consist of one or more systems. With Oracle Solaris, typically the OpenStack controller is created in kernel zones for modular setups. Scalability on the controller site can then live achieved just by adding another kernel zone. The OpenStack control services can total live combined in one kernel zone. For scalability and reliability reasons, the services can live grouped into sever kernel zones, providing the following services:
7.2.10 OpenStack Summary Running OpenStack on Oracle Solaris provides many advantages. A complete OpenStack distribution is piece of the Oracle Solaris Repository and, therefore, is available for Oracle Solaris without any additional cost. The tight integration of the comprehensive virtualization features for compute and networking—Solaris Zones, virtual NICs and switches, and the Elastic Virtual Switch—in Oracle Solaris provide significant value not establish in other OpenStack implementations. The integration of OpenStack with Oracle Solaris leverages the Image Packaging System, ZFS boot environments, and the Service Management Facility. As a consequence, an administrator can quickly start an update of the cloud environment, and can quickly update each service and node in a unique operation.
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Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 Implementation Essentials
New Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3-BA Proves exemplar for Backing Up and Restoring Oracle’s Engineered Systems | killexams.com real questions and Pass4sure dumps
Mar 3, 2014Protecting valuable trade information has become more well-known than ever as data continues to grow by 40 to 50 percent per year, by some estimates. IT managers physiognomy a dilemma: how to complete backup and restore operations within shrinking windows of time while likewise reducing complexity, risk, and cost.
When it comes to protecting data stored in Oracle’s engineered systems, the recently announced Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 addresses these challenges with high-performance streaming throughput and tight integration with Oracle Database that is unavailable to competitors. Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3-BA complements the extreme performance of Oracle’s engineered systems, including Oracle Exadata Database Machine and Oracle SuperCluster, and provides unique functionality by
In addition, Oracle ZFS Storage Appliances inspirit reduce the risk of failed restores by enhancing availability with dual controllers, predictive self-healing features, and a fault-management architecture that automatically detects and diagnoses underlying problems. To ease management complexity, Oracle ZFS Storage Appliance’s DTrace Analytics feature provides an intuitive graphical user interface with which to monitor and quickly resolve performance bottlenecks during backup and restore operations.
Oracle ZFS Storage ZS3 is equally effective for Oracle Database installations running on Oracle SPARC T5, M5, and M6 systems, as well as non-Oracle servers.
Get more details about Oracle ZFS Storage Appliances and register for an Oracle webcast that discusses backup and restore for Oracle’s engineered systems
Hybrid storage arrays vs. all-flash arrays: A slight twinkle or a lot? | killexams.com real questions and Pass4sure dumps
Now that solid-state storage prices Have dropped, more vendors present all-flash arrays; but are they really much...better than hybrid storage arrays that amalgamate twinkle with spinning disk?
Comparing technology systems has traditionally relied on a "price-to-performance" analysis that tries to normalize system differences into an apples-to-apples comparison. With respect to storage, the advent of twinkle (solid-state) drives created a situation where IT buyers had to determine between expense and performance. twinkle storage offered blazing speeds, but at a very lofty cost per gigabyte ($/GB). At the other discontinue of the spectrum, multi-terabyte hard disk drives (HDDs) are very economical, but with just around 75 raw IOPS per drive there better not live much toil in the workload if that's where your data is located.
HDDs Have an odds in $/GB, while twinkle has an odds in $/IOPS.
Hybrid arrays are intended to equipoise that equation. By adding a thin slice of twinkle storage to an array (i.e., 2% to 5% of total capacity), available IOPS may double and reduce read latency from 10+ milliseconds (ms) down to 3 ms to 5 ms. Even though the twinkle is expensive by itself, an overall 10% to 20% enlarge in array expense to relent a 2X performance gain adds a lot of bang to the buck.
As safe as 3 ms to 5 ms latency sounds, for an increasing number of applications this variability is unacceptable. All-flash arrays can deliver sub-millisecond read latency with a guaranteed attribute of service (QoS). There are no pre-fetch issues with twinkle and no variability between a cached read and a search because on twinkle total I/Os are effectively cache reads. To attach it in perspective, improving from 10 ms to 5 ms and then down to 0.5 ms is a 20X performance gain from HDD to all-flash on a latency basis. Although the contrast between HDD prices and twinkle has narrowed considerably, most organizations still don't Have the budget to deploy hundreds of terabytes of it. So, if deploying twinkle technology judiciously is well-known to an organization, knowing where the breakpoints between hybrid and all-flash are will inspirit managers to obtain the best decision.
Price/performance of hybrid storage arrays vs. all-flash arrays
With price-to-performance being the major consideration in storage
purchases, let's examine those two areas first. When it comes to cost,
it's an industry truism that the purchase expense is approximately 20%
of the three-year cost of ownership for conventional HDD arrays.
All-flash storage arrays fracture this model, however, partly because
the purchase expense goes up but operating costs vanish down. For
example, Nimbus Data, a maker of all-flash arrays, estimates that its
arrays spend just 8 watts per TB, whereas HDD arrays may spend 80
watts per TB. Moreover, Nimbus advises that users can fully populate a
rack with usable space and rate up to 90% utilization without
performance degradation. This offers the potential for less floor space,
cooling and power per TB of storage. High-capacity SATA drives present
gigabyte density, but won't meet even moderate IOPS or latency
requirements. Given that twinkle is following the downward curve of
cache memory, it's well worth the time to compare the total cost of
ownership (TCO) of all-flash and hybrid storage systems.Hewlett-Packard (HP) Co. offers a different perspective on cost metrics: $/transaction. This metric is reflective of the upright trade cost, whereas $/GB and $/IOPS reflect purchase cost only. The $/transaction metric can live applied irrespective of media type, making a "non-denominational" comparison between techs. High-transaction workloads may actually contemplate a lower $/transaction on all-flash arrays, whereas lower transaction environments may Have a lower $/transaction on hybrid storage arrays. Either way, the result is calculable and definitive.
Although it may live considered a "soft" cost, IT managers should factor in the value of the user's experience. Justifiably or not, if users perceive an application to live slow, they're more likely to Have a negative perception of the IT organization or provider. It's a bit dote the adage that when airline passengers find coffee stains on their tray tables, they question the attribute of engine maintenance. It may therefore obtain sense to spend a few extra dollars to better the user's perception of quality, especially in this era of IT outsourcing.
Deduplication and compression are staples of nearly total storage systems and are frequently used to generate a $/GB design that's much more propitious than those based on raw capacity. However, a cautionary note is in order. Increasingly, deduplication and single-instance storage (SIS) are taking locality at the OS and application layers (i.e., VMware and SIS products for Exchange). Deduplication and compression can't occur twice on the selfsame data, so storage managers may contemplate less reduction than they anticipate as dedupe moves up the stack.
For the purposes of commercial computing applications, storage performance has been total about IOPS until very recently. Perhaps this was because storage arrays inherently couldn't guarantee a specific QoS. All-flash arrays change that game, and SolidFire promotes its twinkle arrays squarely as storage QoS delivery vehicles. SolidFire allows IOPS to live provisioned on a per-volume basis with minimum, maximum and burst parameters. This throttling, along with dynamic adjustment, gives storage managers an additional mechanism for precisely delivering performance where it's needed. SolidFire likewise suggests that guaranteed QoS solves the "noisy neighbor" problem. For example, in a typical hybrid array, applications may compete for the twinkle tier of storage based on data access, resulting in oversubscribed twinkle and sub-optimal performance for total applications. Allocating IOPS to each application specifically solves this problem.
Either or both? Established vendors Have extended their traditional HDD products to embrace twinkle technology, often with hybrid devices and all-flash units. IBM, EMC Corp., NetApp Inc. and HP each present an "all of the above" portfolio, though the specific implementations disagree in well-known ways.
IBM has extended its SAN Volume Controller (SVC) virtualization capability to manage "fit for purpose" all-flash devices such as the FlashSystem family or hybrid arrays in its XIV Storage System, Storwize and DS product lines. Because total devices can live managed through SVC, IBM extends the concept of hybrid to not only arrays, but the enterprise storage ecosystem. The intent is to allow ultimate flexibility in deploying both combinations of media, as well as combinations of arrays for scale and performance where needed.
EMC's VMAX can virtualize hybrid and all-flash systems into a unique ecosystem. Its VMAX, VNX, VNXe and Isilon products can likewise live configured as either hybrid or all-flash. Thus, users can enter at any point and evolve the solution as requirements change over time. In addition, the company's XtremIO arrays present an all-flash solution from the ground up. Because it doesn't necessarily Have to sever its hybrid and all-flash offerings, EMC views the market more horizontally. That is, it can present traditional HDD arrays to the more budget-conscious buyer, hybrid configurations to those needing more performance and all-flash for situations that exact guaranteed QoS. Which product line will live recommended is determined by Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) requirements, with customers needing up to "six nines" of availability choosing VMAX, regardless of hybrid or all-flash provisioning.
HP's 3PAR similarly offers everything from all-HDD to hybrid to twinkle configurations, but with some racy wrinkles. HP offers both single-level cell and multi-level cell twinkle in the selfsame arrays. The company recommends using the caching layer for writes and the twinkle tier for reads. This builds upon its Adaptive Optimization software that enables sub-LUN tiering. 3PAR's OS has a built-in clustered volume manager and virtual reminiscence implementation that seamlessly virtualizes total media types, including unusual media.
NetApp offers twinkle across its entire portfolio of FAS, V-series and E-series arrays; the EF540 is an all-flash system. NetApp usually recommends twinkle Pools in its arrays with 1% to 2% of total capacity in flash. The company suggests that typical workloads, such as email, Web serving, app dev and collaboration are best served with hybrid configurations. In these spend cases, workloads require less than 150,000 IOPS and can tolerate 3 ms to 5 ms of latency. For higher IOPS workloads or where QoS demands sub-ms latency, all-flash is prescribed.
Oracle's ZFS Storage ZS3 are hybrid arrays, but the company says users may rate up to a 90% data hit rate using its flash/DRAM architecture and sub-ms latency on those reads. Moreover, the company touts a significant cost odds over competitive all-flash systems. Thus, users may rate near all-flash performance at a hybrid price. Oracle's Hybrid Storage Pool dynamically and automatically moves data across DRAM, read-flash and write-flash to optimize array performance.
RAID considerations Flash devices need to live protected by RAID just dote any other storage media. Although most vendors advocate conventional RAID techniques for flash, RAID spend can extract a expense in capacity terms as well as processing overhead just as it does for HDDs. IBM addresses this issue with "variable stripe RAID" in its FlashSystem technology where RAID 5 is built into the twinkle controller. The result is parity-based RAID at line speed with the workload distributed across controllers. NetApp deploys Dynamic Disk Pools in its SANtricity (E-series) software that distributes data, parity and spare capacity across drives. NetApp claims this speeds recovery of failed drives while maintaining greater performance. Nimbus uses a RAID 5 algorithm designed to avoid the wear penalty associated with writing to flash.
Some agreement on guidelines Despite differences in architectures, the vendors generally accord on some hybrid vs. all-flash guidelines. First, if sub-ms or guaranteed QoS is required, then all-flash arrays are the artery to go. Or, in the case of Oracle, a hybrid that can deliver near all-flash performance. QoS application candidates involve e-commerce where user suffer is paramount and determination advocate analysis where time is of the essence. Second, if variable and unpredictable workloads are to live serviced, hybrid devices can often serve the need at a lower $/GB. Nimbus, SolidFire and other all-flash vendors may Have different answers to this rule of thumb that execute indeed Have racy price/performance characteristics and may Have a $/IOPS advantage. Application candidates in this locality involve collaboration, email and anything where data lifecycle issues involve that not total data requires immediate access.
7.2 OpenStack | killexams.com real questions and Pass4sure dumps
This chapter is from the bespeak A structured implementation of a private cloud would capitalize from well-defined services, which are consumed by the virtual environments that self-service users deploy. One favorite implementation of those services, along with the management tools necessary to deploy and spend a private cloud, is OpenStack. The following subsections report OpenStack briefly, and then discuss the integration of Oracle Solaris and OpenStack.7.2.1 What Is OpenStack? OpenStack is a community-based open-source project to contour a comprehensive management layer to create and manage private clouds. This project was first undertaken as a joint pains of Rackspace and NASA in 2010, but is now driven by the OpenStack Foundation. Since 2010, OpenStack has been the fastest-growing open-source project on a worldwide basis, with thousands of commercial and individual contributors spread across the globe. The community launches two OpenStack releases per year.
OpenStack can live considered an operating system for cloud environments. It provides the foundation for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds. Some unusual modules add features required in Platform as a Service (PaaS) clouds. OpenStack should not live viewed as layered software, however, but rather as an integrated infrastructure component. Thus, although the OpenStack community launches OpenStack releases, infrastructure vendors must integrate the open-source components into their own platforms to deliver the OpenStack functionality. Several operating system, network, and storage vendors present OpenStack-enabled products.
OpenStack abstracts compute, network, and storage resources for the user, with those resources being exposed through a web portal with a unique management pane. This integrated approach enables administrators to easily manage a variety of storage devices and hypervisors. The cloud services are based on a train of OpenStack modules, which communicate through a defined RESTful API between the various modules.
If a vendor plans to present advocate for sure OpenStack services in its products, it must implement the functionality of those services and provide access to the functionality through the relaxation APIs. This can live done by delivering a service plugin, specialized for the product, that fills the gap between the relaxation API definition and the existing product feature.
7.2.2 The OpenStack common Architecture Figure 7.3 depicts the common architecture of an OpenStack deployment. It consists of services provided by the OpenStack framework, and compute nodes that consume those services. This section describes those services.
Several OpenStack services are used to contour an OpenStack-based private cloud. The services are interconnected via the relaxation APIs and depend on each other. But not total services are always needed to contour a cloud, however, and not every vendor delivers total services. Some services Have a special purpose and are configured only when appropriate; others are always needed when setting up a private cloud.
Because of the clearly defined relaxation APIs, services are extensible. The following list summarizes the core service modules.
OpenStack services Have been tightly integrated into the technology foundations of Oracle Solaris. The integration of OpenStack and Solaris leveraged many unusual Solaris features that had been designed specifically for cloud environments. Some of the Solaris features integrated into OpenStack include:
All services Have been integrated into the Solaris Service Management Framework (SMF) to ensure service reliability, automatic service restart, and node dependency management. SMF properties enable additional configuration options. Oracle Solaris Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) ensures that the OpenStack services, represented by their corresponding SMF services, elope with minimal privileges.
The OpenStack modules are delivered in sever Oracle Solaris packages, as shown in this instance generated in Solaris 11.3:
# pkg list -af | grep openstack cloud/openstack 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/cinder 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/glance 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/heat 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/horizon 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/ironic 0.2015.2.1-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/keystone 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/neutron 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/nova 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/openstack-common 0.2015.2.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- cloud/openstack/swift 2.3.2-0.175.3.9.0.2.0 i-- To easily install the total OpenStack distribution on a system, the cloud/openstack group package may live installed. It automatically installs total of the conditional OpenStack modules and libraries, plus additional packages such as rad, rabbitmq, and mysql.
The integration of OpenStack with the Solaris Image Packaging System (IPS) greatly simplifies updates of OpenStack on a cloud node, through the spend of plenary package dependency checking and rollback. This was accomplished through integration with ZFS boot environments. Through a unique update mechanism, an administrator can easily apply the latest software fixes to a system, including the virtual environments.
7.2.4 Compute Virtualization with Solaris Zones and Solaris Kernel Zones Oracle Solaris Zones and Oracle Solaris Kernel Zones are used for OpenStack compute functionality. They provide excellent environments for application workloads and are swiftly and effortless to provision in a cloud environment.
The life cycle of Solaris Zones as compute instances in an OpenStack cloud is controlled by the Solaris Nova driver for Solaris Zones. The instances are deployed by using the Nova command-line interface or by using the Horizon dashboard. To launch an instance, the cloud user selects a flavor, a Glance image, and a Neutron network. Figures 7.5 and 7.6 array the flavors available with Oracle Solaris OpenStack and the launch screen for an OpenStack instance.
Figure 7.6 OpenStack Instance Launch ScreenOracle Solaris options specify the creation of a Solaris native zone or a Solaris kernel zone. Those special properties are assigned as extra_specs, which are typically set through the command line. The property’s keys comprise a set of zone properties that are typically configured with the zonecfg command and that are supported in OpenStack.
The following keys are supported in both kernel zones and non-global zone flavors:
+----+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ID | cognomen | extra_specs | +----+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - tiny | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 10 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - xlarge | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 2 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - diminutive | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 3 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - medium | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 4 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - big | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 5 | Oracle Solaris kernel zone - xlarge | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris-kz'} | | 6 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - tiny | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 7 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - diminutive | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 8 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - medium | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | | 9 | Oracle Solaris non-global zone - big | {u'zonecfg:brand': u'solaris'} | The sc_profile key can live modified only from the command line. This key is used to specify a system configuration profile for the flavor—for example, to preassign DNS or other system configurations to each flavor. For example, the following command will set a specific system configuration file for a flavor in the previously given list (i.e., “Oracle Solaris kernel zone – large”):
$ nova flavor-key 4 set sc_profile=/system/volatile/profile/sc_profile.xml Launching an instance initiates the following actions in an OpenStack environment:
compute-node # zonecfg -z instance-00000008 info zonename: instance-00000008 brand: solaris tenant: 740885068ed745c492e55c9e1c688472 anet: linkname: net0 configure-allowed-address: false evs: a6365a98-7be1-42ec-88af-b84fa151b5a0 vport: 8292e26a-5063-4bbb-87aa-7f3d51ff75c0 rootzpool: storage: iscsi://st01-sn:3260/target.iqn.1986-03.com.sun:02:... capped-cpu: [ncpus: 1.00] capped-memory: [swap: 1G] rctl: name: zone.cpu-cap value: (priv=privileged,limit=100,action=deny) rctl: name: zone.max-swap value: (priv=privileged,limit=1073741824,action=deny) 7.2.5 Cloud Networking with Elastic Virtual Switch OpenStack networking creates virtual networks that interconnect VEs instantiated by the OpenStack compute node (Nova). It likewise connects these VEs to network services in the cloud, such as DHCP and routing. Neutron provides APIs to create and spend multiple networks and to apportion multiple VEs to networks, which are themselves assigned to different tenants. Each network tenant is represented in the network layer via an isolated Layer 2 network segment—comparable to VLANs in physical networks. design 7.7 shows the relationships among these components.
Subnets are properties that are assigned much dote blocks of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses—that is, default-router or nameserver. Neutron creates ports in these subnets and assigns them together with several properties to virtual machines. The L3-router functionality of Neutron interconnects tenant networks to external networks and enables VEs to access the Internet through source NAT. Floating IP addresses create a static one-to-one mapping from a public IP address on the external network to a private IP address in the cloud, assigned to one VE.
Oracle Solaris Zones and Oracle Solaris Kernel Zones, as OpenStack instances, spend the Solaris VNIC technology to connect to the tenant networks. total VNICs are bound with virtual network switches to physical network interfaces. If multiple tenants spend one physical interface, then multiple virtual switches are created above that physical interface.
If multiple compute nodes Have been deployed in one cloud and multiple tenants are used, virtual switches from the selfsame tenant are spread over multiple compute nodes, as shown in design 7.8.
A technology is needed to control these distributed switches as one switch. The virtual networks can live created by, for example, VXLAN or VLAN. In the case of Oracle Solaris, the Solaris Elastic Virtual Switch (EVS) feature is used to control the distributed virtual switches. The back-end to OpenStack uses a Neutron plugin.
Finally, EVS is controlled by a Neutron plugin so that it offers an API to the cloud. In each compute node, the virtual switches are controlled by an EVS plugin to contour a distributed switch for multiple tenants.
7.2.6 Cloud Storage with ZFS and COMSTAR The OpenStack Cinder service provides central management for obscure storage volumes as boot storage and for application data. To create a volume, the Cinder scheduler selects a storage back-end, based on storage size and storage kind requirements, and the Cinder volume service controls the volume creation. The Cinder API then sends the necessary access information back to the cloud.
Different types of storage can live used to provide storage to the cloud, such as FibreChannel, iSCSI, NFS, or the local disks of the compute nodes. The kind used depends on the storage requirements. These requirements involve characteristics such as capacity, throughput, latency and availability, and requirements for local storage or shared storage. Shared storage is required if migration of OpenStack instances between compute nodes is needed. Local storage may often live enough for short-term, ephemeral data. The cloud user is not aware of the storage technology that has been chosen, because the Cinder volume service represents the storage simply as a kind of storage, not as a specific storage product model.
The Cinder volume service is configured to spend an OpenStack storage plugin, which knows the specifics of a storage device. instance characteristics involve the manner to create a Cinder volume, and a manner to access the data.
Multiple Cinder storage plugins are available for Oracle Solaris, which are based on ZFS to provide volumes to the OpenStack instances:
7.2.7 Sample Deployment Options The functional enablement of Oracle Solaris for OpenStack is based on two main precepts. The first aspect is the availability and advocate of the OpenStack API with various software libraries and plugins in Oracle Solaris. The second aspect is the creation and integration of OpenStack plugins to enable specific Oracle Solaris functions in OpenStack. As discussed earlier, those plugins Have been developed and provided for Cinder, Neutron, and Nova, as well as for Ironic.
Deploying an OpenStack-based private cloud with OpenStack for Oracle Solaris is similar to the setup of other OpenStack-based platforms.
7.2.8 Single-System Prototype Environment You can demonstrate an OpenStack environment in a unique system. In this case, a unique network is used, or multiple networks are created using etherstubs, to contour the internal network of the cloud. “Compute nodes” can then live instantiated as kernel zones. However, if you spend kernel zones as compute nodes, then OpenStack instances can live only non-global zones. This choice does not permit application of several features, including Nova migration. This single-node setup can live implemented very easily with Oracle Solaris, using a Unified Archive of a comprehensive OpenStack installation.
Such single-system setups are typically implemented so that users can become chummy with OpenStack or to create very diminutive prototypes. Almost total production deployments will spend multiple computers to achieve the availability goals of a cloud.
There is one exception to this guideline: A SPARC system running Oracle Solaris (e.g., SPARC T7-4) can live configured as a multinode environment, using multiple logical domains, connected with internal virtual networks. The result is still a unique physical system, which includes multiple isolated Solaris instances, but is represented dote a multinode cloud.
7.2.9 Simple Multinode Environment Creating a multinode OpenStack cloud increases the choices available in total parts of the common cloud architecture. The architect makes the determination between one unified network or sever networks when choosing the design for the cloud network, the internal network, and the storage network. Alternatively, those networks might not live unique networks, but rather networks with redundancy features such as IPMP, DLMP, LACP, or MPXIO. total of these technologies are piece of Oracle Solaris and can live selected to create the network architecture of the cloud.
Another well-known determination to live made is how to connect the cloud to the public or corporate network. The common architecture described earlier shows a controlled cloud access through a centralized network node. While this setup enforces centralized access to the cloud via a network node, it can likewise lead to complicated availability or throughput limitations. An alternative setup is a flat cloud, shown in design 7.10, in which the compute nodes are directly connected to the public network, so that no unique access point limits throughput or availability. It is the responsibility of the cloud architect to determine which option is the most usurp choice.
For the compute nodes, the determination can live made between SPARC nodes (SPARC T5, T7, S7, M7, or M10 servers), x86_64 nodes, or a mixed-node cloud that combines both architectures. Oracle Solaris OpenStack will wield both processor architectures in one cloud. Typically, compute nodes with 1 or 2 sockets with medium reminiscence capacity (512 GB) are chosen. More generally, by using SPARC systems, compute nodes ranging from very diminutive to very big in size can live combined in one cloud without any special configuration efforts.
The cloud storage is typically shared storage. In a shared storage architecture, disks storing the running instances are located outside the compute nodes. Cloud instances can then live easily recovered with migration or evacuation, in case of compute node downtime. Using shared storage is operationally simple because having sever compute hosts and storage makes the compute nodes “stateless.” Thus, if there are no instances running on a compute node, that node can live taken offline and its contents erased completely without affecting the remaining parts of the cloud. This kind of storage can live scaled to any amount of storage. Storage decisions can live made based on performance, cost, and availability. Among the choices are an Oracle ZFS storage appliance, shared storage through a Solaris node as iSCSI or FC target server, or shared storage through a FibreChannel SAN storage system.
To spend local storage, each compute node’s internal disks store total data of the instances that the node hosts. Direct access to disks is very cost-effective, because there is no need to maintain a sever storage network. The disk performance on each compute node is directly related to the number and performance of existing local disks. The chassis size of the compute node will confine the number of spindles able to live used in a compute node. However, if a compute node fails, the instances on it cannot live recovered. Also, there is no manner to migrate instances. This omission can live a major issue for cloud services that create persistent data. Other cloud services, however, effect processing services without storing any local data, in which case no local persistent data is created.
The cloud control plane, implemented as an OpenStack controller, can consist of one or more systems. With Oracle Solaris, typically the OpenStack controller is created in kernel zones for modular setups. Scalability on the controller site can then live achieved just by adding another kernel zone. The OpenStack control services can total live combined in one kernel zone. For scalability and reliability reasons, the services can live grouped into sever kernel zones, providing the following services:
7.2.10 OpenStack Summary Running OpenStack on Oracle Solaris provides many advantages. A complete OpenStack distribution is piece of the Oracle Solaris Repository and, therefore, is available for Oracle Solaris without any additional cost. The tight integration of the comprehensive virtualization features for compute and networking—Solaris Zones, virtual NICs and switches, and the Elastic Virtual Switch—in Oracle Solaris provide significant value not establish in other OpenStack implementations. The integration of OpenStack with Oracle Solaris leverages the Image Packaging System, ZFS boot environments, and the Service Management Facility. As a consequence, an administrator can quickly start an update of the cloud environment, and can quickly update each service and node in a unique operation.
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BlueCoat [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
Brocade [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
Business-Objects [11 Certification Exam(s) ]
Business-Tests [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
CA-Technologies [21 Certification Exam(s) ]
Certification-Board [10 Certification Exam(s) ]
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CheckPoint [43 Certification Exam(s) ]
CIDQ [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
CIPS [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
Cisco [318 Certification Exam(s) ]
Citrix [48 Certification Exam(s) ]
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College-Board [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
CompTIA [76 Certification Exam(s) ]
ComputerAssociates [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
Consultant [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
Counselor [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
CPP-Institue [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
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ECCouncil [21 Certification Exam(s) ]
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Ericsson [5 Certification Exam(s) ]
ESPA [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Esri [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
ExamExpress [15 Certification Exam(s) ]
Exin [40 Certification Exam(s) ]
ExtremeNetworks [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
F5-Networks [20 Certification Exam(s) ]
FCTC [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
Filemaker [9 Certification Exam(s) ]
Financial [36 Certification Exam(s) ]
Food [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
Fortinet [13 Certification Exam(s) ]
Foundry [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
FSMTB [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Fujitsu [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
GAQM [9 Certification Exam(s) ]
Genesys [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
GIAC [15 Certification Exam(s) ]
Google [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
GuidanceSoftware [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
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Hitachi [30 Certification Exam(s) ]
Hortonworks [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
Hospitality [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
HP [752 Certification Exam(s) ]
HR [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
HRCI [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Huawei [21 Certification Exam(s) ]
Hyperion [10 Certification Exam(s) ]
IAAP [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
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IBM [1533 Certification Exam(s) ]
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ICAI [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
ICDL [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
IEEE [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
IELTS [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
IFPUG [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
IIA [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
IIBA [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
IISFA [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Intel [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
IQN [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
IRS [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
ISA [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
ISACA [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
ISC2 [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
ISEB [24 Certification Exam(s) ]
Isilon [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
ISM [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
iSQI [7 Certification Exam(s) ]
ITEC [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Juniper [65 Certification Exam(s) ]
LEED [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Legato [5 Certification Exam(s) ]
Liferay [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Logical-Operations [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Lotus [66 Certification Exam(s) ]
LPI [24 Certification Exam(s) ]
LSI [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
Magento [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
Maintenance [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
McAfee [8 Certification Exam(s) ]
McData [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
Medical [69 Certification Exam(s) ]
Microsoft [375 Certification Exam(s) ]
Mile2 [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
Military [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Misc [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Motorola [7 Certification Exam(s) ]
mySQL [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
NBSTSA [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
NCEES [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
NCIDQ [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
NCLEX [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
Network-General [12 Certification Exam(s) ]
NetworkAppliance [39 Certification Exam(s) ]
NI [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
NIELIT [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Nokia [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
Nortel [130 Certification Exam(s) ]
Novell [37 Certification Exam(s) ]
OMG [10 Certification Exam(s) ]
Oracle [282 Certification Exam(s) ]
P&C [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
Palo-Alto [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
PARCC [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
PayPal [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Pegasystems [12 Certification Exam(s) ]
PEOPLECERT [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
PMI [15 Certification Exam(s) ]
Polycom [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
PostgreSQL-CE [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Prince2 [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
PRMIA [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
PsychCorp [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
PTCB [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
QAI [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
QlikView [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Quality-Assurance [7 Certification Exam(s) ]
RACC [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Real-Estate [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
RedHat [8 Certification Exam(s) ]
RES [5 Certification Exam(s) ]
Riverbed [8 Certification Exam(s) ]
RSA [15 Certification Exam(s) ]
Sair [8 Certification Exam(s) ]
Salesforce [5 Certification Exam(s) ]
SANS [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
SAP [98 Certification Exam(s) ]
SASInstitute [15 Certification Exam(s) ]
SAT [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
SCO [10 Certification Exam(s) ]
SCP [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
SDI [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
See-Beyond [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Siemens [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Snia [7 Certification Exam(s) ]
SOA [15 Certification Exam(s) ]
Social-Work-Board [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
SpringSource [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
SUN [63 Certification Exam(s) ]
SUSE [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
Sybase [17 Certification Exam(s) ]
Symantec [135 Certification Exam(s) ]
Teacher-Certification [4 Certification Exam(s) ]
The-Open-Group [8 Certification Exam(s) ]
TIA [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
Tibco [18 Certification Exam(s) ]
Trainers [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
Trend [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
TruSecure [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
USMLE [1 Certification Exam(s) ]
VCE [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
Veeam [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
Veritas [33 Certification Exam(s) ]
Vmware [58 Certification Exam(s) ]
Wonderlic [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
Worldatwork [2 Certification Exam(s) ]
XML-Master [3 Certification Exam(s) ]
Zend [6 Certification Exam(s) ]
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